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曾留學歐洲的獨裁者

2013年4月21日

金正恩、阿薩德抑或波爾布特,許多日後的獨裁者都曾在民主自由的歐洲留學深造過。然而這段經歷,都不能幫助他們成為民主人士。

https://p.dw.com/p/18GqU
epa03646571 A handout photo made available 01 April 2013, by North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency KCNA, showing North Korean leader Kim Jong-un speaking during a plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea in Pyongyang on 31 March 2013. South Korea's president told the military 01 April 2013 to respond powerfully to North Korean provocations, amid heightened tensions on the peninsula, reports said. Park Guen Hye said she took recent threats from North Korea 'very seriously,' Yonhap News Agency reported. Pyongyang last month declared invalid the 1953 non-aggression treaty, cut two military hotlines, and announced at the weekend that it considered itself in a state of war with the South. EPA/KCNA / HANDOUT SOUTH KOREA OUT HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
北韓領導人金正恩圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

(德國之聲中文網)金正恩是一名沉默的少年,從不引人注目。他並不真心喜歡德語,據稱,他經常穿著一身運動服。同學都覺得他比較怪。他使用的化名是朴恩,身份是一名北韓駐瑞士使館外交官的孩子。1997年時,他在位於瑞士伯爾尼附近的李伯菲爾德-施坦因霍爾茨裡(Liebefeld-Steinhölzli-Schule)學校就讀6年級。

當年的同學米卡艾羅(Joao Micaelo)是朴恩不多的幾個朋友之一。米卡艾羅對一份瑞士報紙說,朴恩曾承認過,他其實不是外交官的孩子,而是北韓領袖的兒子。"他還給我看了他同金正日的合影。"

米卡艾羅當時想,這不過是炫耀罷了。不過,現在他能夠肯定,當年的同學就是北韓今天的獨裁者金正恩。

2012年,瑞士《星期天日報》委託一名擅長面部分析的人類學家。比洛特(Raoul Perrot)把一張朴恩的班級合影照同現在的金正恩進行比較。 結果是:一致程度高達95%。比洛特說,"對我而言,當年的學生朴恩就是金正恩,這是事實。"

金正恩在瑞士學校一直就讀到2001年,那年,有關金正日後代在瑞士上學的傳言開始傳播,然後,朴恩就消失了。觀察家希望,在西方受教育的事實將會對其民主意識產生影響,但這一跡象到目前為止還未出現。金正恩雖然喜歡迪斯尼式的游樂園,但最重要的乃是掌握政權,而且不計任何代價。

民主?決不!

"獨裁者的兒子們到西方來不是學習民主,"政治學者邁爾(Günter Meyer)解釋說,他們是來瞭解西方的生活方式,受更好的教育。完成教育後,他們又回到原有的舊的體制,"他們被植入權力結構中,不得擺脫。"如果誰屈從民主趨勢,那麼他便保不住自己家族的政權。

心理學教授貝諾斯(Johann Benos)在其專著《歐洲20名獨裁者》一書中,將獨裁者的發展史進行了對比,他寫道,對這些人最重要的影響來自各自的家庭。"父親的行為起著最為重要的作用。"一般而言,獨裁者都是培養出來的,他們遭受打罵,也受到虐待。貝諾斯還說,"他們都經歷了父親的殘忍,一方面,他們對父輩不屑一顧,但另一方面卻又模仿他們。"

從希望之星變成威權主義者

敘利亞總統阿薩德也是一例。他的青年時代中有一部分是在國外度過,在倫敦曾學醫一年半。接管敘利亞政權時,觀察家曾希望,阿薩德會推動該國的改革事業。政治學者、中東問題專家邁爾回憶說,"他被看作是推動民主的自由派統治者"。但很快他便屈就於家族內的權勢壓力,以及情報局的壓力,阿薩德看到,如果他不想給政權和家族帶來風險,根本不可能突破這一巨大的結構。最終阿薩德繼承了他父親的衣缽。

***ACHTUNG: Bild nur zur zeitnahen (24 Stunden) Berichterstattung über das Interview verwenden!!!*** In this image taken from video filmed on Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013 and released Saturday evening, March 2, 2013, Syrian President Bashar Assad speaks during an interview with the Sunday Times, in Damascus, Syria. Iran and Syria condemned a U.S. plan to assist rebels fighting to topple Assad on Saturday and signaled the Syrian leader intends to stay in power at least until 2014 presidential elections. Assad told the Sunday Times in the interview timed to coincide with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry's first foreign trip that "the intelligence, communication and financial assistance being provided is very lethal." Kerry announced on Thursday that the Obama administration was giving an additional $60 million in assistance to Syria's political opposition and would, for the first time, provide non-lethal aid directly to the rebels. (AP Photo/Sunday Times via AP video) THIS IMAGE IS FOR USE FOR 24 HOUR NEWS ACCESS ONLY, SUNDAY TIMES LOGO MUST NOT BE OBSCURED, NO ARCHIVES, NO SALES /PLEASE CONTACT SUNDAY TIMES SYNDICATION DEPARTMENT BY EMAIL TO ENQUIRIES@NISYNDICATION.COM FOR QUESTIONS REGARDING USE OUTSIDE THE 24 HOUR NEWS ACCESS WINDOW
敘利亞總統阿薩德圖片來源: picture alliance / AP Photo

通過對獨裁者兒女的教育而輸出民主理念,顯然這一希望不切實際並具有欺騙性。利比亞前獨裁者卡扎菲之子塞義夫-阿爾-伊斯拉姆(Saif al-Islam Gaddafi)曾在其就讀的著名倫敦經濟學院,以"公民社會在全球機構的民主化進程中扮演的角色"為博士論文題目。但當他的父親卡扎菲以及家族的權力受到威脅時,他便全然忘記了民主理論,並拿起武器。自2011年被捕後,塞義夫一直在押,國際刑法法庭要求將其引渡。

In this image made from video provided by the Zintan Media Center posted on YouTube internet site, Seif al-Islam Gadhafi makes remarks while in captivity in Zintan, Libya, Sunday, Nov. 20, 2011. The Libyan fighters holding Libya's former leader Moammar Gadhafi's son, Seif al-Islam Gadhafi have released this video of him saying an injury to his hand was the result of a NATO airstrike a month ago. In the video posted Sunday on YouTube, he says the raid struck his convoy in Wadi Zamzam, about 90 miles (140 kilometers) southeast of Tripoli. On screen Arabic script reads "Media Centre Zintan" (AP Photo / Zintan Media Center via YouTube, HO) EDITORIAL USE ONLY - LOGO MUST BE USED - MANDATORY CREDIT ZINTAN MEDIA CENTER
卡扎菲之子塞義夫圖片來源: AP/Zintan Media Center

經濟界獲利

邁爾認為,經濟界希望培養獨裁者的後代,"這樣便可以建立關係,德國經濟界從中獲益匪淺,比如拿到訂單。"

Former Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot answers questions during a Sunday, Jan. 4, 1998, interview near Anlong Veng, Cambodia. Rumors surrounding the whereabouts of Pol Pot have flourished lately. Pol Pot is blamed for overseeing the deaths of millions of Cambodians. (AP Photo/Prasit Saengrungruang/Bangkok Post)
柬埔寨紅色高棉領到人波爾布特圖片來源: AP

向歐洲學習並不一定意味著以人道為本執政,這一點上,柬埔寨前領導人波爾布特數十年前便提供了例證。這名後來成了殺人魔王的紅色高棉領袖曾在法國著名高校索邦大學深造。

作者: Nils Naumann,  編譯:李魚

責編:苗子